ABSTRACT
Opium is one of the most abused substances in the Middle East. The effects of opium use on coronary artery disease (CAD) are a matter of debate. This study aimed to assess the association between opium use and angiographic findings as well as the complexity of CAD in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) diagnosis. In this case-control study, all patients admitted for coronary angiography from 2019 to 2020 were evaluated. After applying the eligibility criteria, they were categorized into two groups opium and non-opium based on their history of opium use. Both groups were matched regarding the demographic features. The prevalence, location, and severity of obstruction of the vessels were compared between the non-opium and opium groups. The SYNTAX score was also calculated and compared between the two groups. The scores ≤ 22 are considered low risk and the higher scores are a non-low risk. P value < 0.05 is considered significant. A total of 170 patients with a mean age of 61.59 ± 9.07 years were finally enrolled in our study. Regarding the severity of vascular involvement, there was a significant difference between the non-opium and opium groups in LAD (P = 0.025), and PLV (P = 0.018) vessels. From the location points of view of obstructive coronary artery involved segments, only in the PDA (P = 0.006), and LCX (P = 0.004) vessels, a significant difference was observed. Moreover, 47.1% of opium and 30.6% of non-opium use group were in the non-low risk SYNTAX score classification which is a statistically significant difference between these two groups (P value = 0.048). Opium, as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, can have specific effects on angiographic findings in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Likewise, the complexity of CAD in opium users who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention is significantly higher.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome , Coronary Artery Disease , Opium Dependence , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology , Acute Coronary Syndrome/etiology , Aged , Case-Control Studies , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Opium/adverse effects , Opium Dependence/diagnostic imaging , Opium Dependence/epidemiology , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Published data suggest worse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients and concurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to report the demographics, angiographic findings, and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 ACS patients and compare these with pre-COVID-19 cohorts. METHODS: From March 1, 2020 to July 31, 2020, data from 55 international centers were entered into a prospective, COVID-ACS Registry. Patients were COVID-19 positive (or had a high index of clinical suspicion) and underwent invasive coronary angiography for suspected ACS. Outcomes were in-hospital major cardiovascular events (all-cause mortality, re-myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, unplanned revascularization, or stent thrombosis). Results were compared with national pre-COVID-19 databases (MINAP [Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project] 2019 and BCIS [British Cardiovascular Intervention Society] 2018 to 2019). RESULTS: In 144 ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 121 non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) patients, symptom-to-admission times were significantly prolonged (COVID-STEMI vs. BCIS: median 339.0 min vs. 173.0 min; p < 0.001; COVID NSTE-ACS vs. MINAP: 417.0 min vs. 295.0 min; p = 0.012). Mortality in COVID-ACS patients was significantly higher than BCIS/MINAP control subjects in both subgroups (COVID-STEMI: 22.9% vs. 5.7%; p < 0.001; COVID NSTE-ACS: 6.6% vs. 1.2%; p < 0.001), which remained following multivariate propensity analysis adjusting for comorbidities (STEMI subgroup odds ratio: 3.33 [95% confidence interval: 2.04 to 5.42]). Cardiogenic shock occurred in 20.1% of COVID-STEMI patients versus 8.7% of BCIS patients (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this multicenter international registry, COVID-19-positive ACS patients presented later and had increased in-hospital mortality compared with a pre-COVID-19 ACS population. Excessive rates of and mortality from cardiogenic shock were major contributors to the worse outcomes in COVID-19 positive STEMI patients.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/virology , COVID-19/complications , Registries , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality , Aged , Coronary Angiography , Female , Hospital Mortality , Humans , Male , Middle AgedABSTRACT
In the era of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, acute cardiac injury (ACI), as reflected by elevated cardiac troponin above the 99th percentile, has been observed in 8%-62% of patients with COVID-19 infection with highest incidence and mortality recorded in patients with severe infection. Apart from the clinically and electrocardiographically discernible causes of ACI, such as acute myocardial infarction (MI), other cardiac causes need to be considered such as myocarditis, Takotsubo syndrome, and direct injury from COVID-19, together with noncardiac conditions, such as pulmonary embolism, critical illness, and sepsis. Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with normal or near-normal coronary arteries (ACS-NNOCA) appear to have a higher prevalence in both COVID-19 positive and negative patients in the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic era. Echocardiography, coronary angiography, chest computed tomography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may render a correct diagnosis, obviating the need for endomyocardial biopsy. Importantly, a significant delay has been recorded in patients with ACS seeking advice for their symptoms, while their routine care has been sharply disrupted with fewer urgent coronary angiographies and/or primary percutaneous coronary interventions performed in the case of ST-elevation MI (STEMI) with an inappropriate shift toward thrombolysis, all contributing to a higher complication rate in these patients. Thus, new challenges have emerged in rendering a diagnosis and delivering treatment in patients with ACI/ACS in the pandemic era. These issues, the various mechanisms involved in the development of ACI/ACS, and relevant current guidelines are herein reviewed.
Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology , COVID-19/epidemiology , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Acute Coronary Syndrome/mortality , Age Factors , COVID-19/mortality , Cardiac Imaging Techniques , Diagnosis, Differential , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Heart Diseases/epidemiology , Humans , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , SARS-CoV-2 , Sex Factors , Stress, Psychological/epidemiology , Time-to-Treatment , Troponin I/bloodSubject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/therapy , COVID-19 , Cardiology Service, Hospital/trends , Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Patient Admission/trends , Practice Patterns, Physicians'/trends , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnostic imaging , Aged , Coronary Angiography/trends , Female , Humans , Israel , Male , Middle Aged , Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging , Patient Readmission/trends , Retrospective Studies , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging , Tertiary Care Centers/trends , Time Factors , Time-to-Treatment/trendsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Vitamin D deficiency is a pandemic disorder affecting over 1 billion of subjects worldwide. Calcitriol (1,25(OH)2D) represents the perpetrator of the several systemic effects of vitamin D, including the anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic actions, potentially preventing acute cardiovascular ischemic events. Variability in the transformation of vitamin D into 1,25(OH)2D has been suggested to modulate its cardioprotective benefits, however, the determinants of the levels of calcitriol and their impact on the cardiovascular risk have been seldom addressed and were, therefore, the aim of the present study. METHODS AND RESULTS: A consecutive cohort of patients undergoing coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were included. The levels of 25 and 1,25(OH)2 D were assessed at admission by chemiluminescence immunoassay kit LIAISON® Vitamin D assay (Diasorin Inc) and LIAISON® XL. Hypovitaminosis D was defined as 25(OH)D < 10 ng/ml, whereas calcitriol deficiency as 1,25(OH)2D < 19.9 pg/ml. We included in our study 228 patients, divided according to median values of 1,25(OH)2D (Subject(s)
Acute Coronary Syndrome/blood
, Inflammation Mediators/blood
, Vitamin D Deficiency/blood
, Vitamin D/analogs & derivatives
, Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnostic imaging
, Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology
, Aged
, Aged, 80 and over
, Biomarkers/blood
, Coronary Angiography
, Female
, Heart Disease Risk Factors
, Humans
, Immunoassay
, Italy/epidemiology
, Male
, Middle Aged
, Prevalence
, Vitamin D/blood
, Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosis
, Vitamin D Deficiency/epidemiology
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: With the rapid spread of COVID-19, hospitals providing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were placed in unique and unfamiliar circumstances. This study evaluated variations in the treatment of coronary artery disease according to time course of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.MethodsâandâResults:The Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics performed serial surveys during the pandemic (in mid-April, late-April and mid-May 2020) with queries regarding the implementation of PCI. Hospitals were asked about their treatment strategies for elective PCI and emergency PCI for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and high-risk acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients. Most hospitals opted to perform primary PCI in the usual manner at the beginning of the pandemic. As the pandemic progressed, hospitals in the 7 populated areas downgraded the performance of PCI for chronic coronary syndrome and high-risk ACS, but not for STEMI patients. After the state of emergency was lifted in most prefectures in mid-May, the rate of PCI gradually normalized. Screening tests, such as polymerase chain reaction and chest computed tomography, in ACS were frequently used. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected PCI treatment in Japan. However, even in the most critical situations during the pandemic, most institutions continued to perform primary PCI normally for STEMI patients.